When individuals experience traumatic events which often happen in a very short space of time e.g. earthquakes, floods, robberies or accidents, or whether events happen over longer periods of time e.g. being caught up in wars or other types of violence or abuse, symptoms such as flashbacks and nightmares occur when faced with reminders of the traumatic experience (e.g. smells, people who look or sound similar to those involved in the event or events). As well as flashbacks and nightmares, there is also sleep disturbance, concentration problems, tendency to become irritable, fatigue, thinking too much (about the index incidents), pains in the neck, feeling under threat, violation of ethics, anxiety and feelings of anger. At times, people who have been a victim of trauma turn to self medication (drug or alcohol) to help them cope. This will not help the victim recover from the trauma if they have experienced the above symptoms. Studies have shown that CBT is a more effective treatment for victims of disaster.